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GREEN BUILDING

Designing and constructing healthy, efficient, and resilient buildings for a sustainable future

BUILDINGS & THE CLIMATE CRISIS

Why green building matters

39%

Global energy-related CO₂ emissions from buildings

36%

Global final energy consumption from buildings

80%

Potential emissions reduction through green building by 2050

The Building Sector Challenge

Buildings are responsible for 39% of global CO₂ emissions when accounting for both operational energy (heating, cooling, lighting) and embodied carbon (materials, construction). With 2.4 trillion square feet of new floor area expected by 2060—equivalent to adding an entire New York City to the world every month for 40 years—how we build will define our climate future.

Operational Emissions (28%)

  • Heating & Cooling: 48% of building energy
  • Lighting: 11% of electricity use
  • Water Heating: 18% residential energy
  • Appliances & Plug Loads: 23% commercial

Embodied Carbon (11%)

  • Concrete & Steel: 70% of embodied emissions
  • Manufacturing processes emit 8% global CO₂
  • Transportation of materials
  • Construction & demolition waste

CORE GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES

PASSIVE DESIGN & SOLAR ORIENTATION

Passive design harnesses natural energy flows to maintain comfort with minimal mechanical systems. Buildings optimized for passive strategies can reduce energy consumption by 60-90% compared to conventional construction—often at zero additional cost when incorporated during design.

Solar Orientation

  • South-facing windows (N. Hemisphere)
  • Overhangs for summer shading
  • Reduces heating loads 25-40%
  • Daylighting reduces lighting energy 60%

Natural Ventilation

  • Cross-ventilation design
  • Stack effect cooling
  • Night flush cooling
  • Cooling energy reduction: 30-50%

Thermal Mass

  • Concrete, stone, brick interiors
  • Stores heat/cool for time-shifting
  • Dampens temperature swings 10-15°F
  • Peak load reduction: 20-30%

SUPER-INSULATION & AIRTIGHTNESS

The building envelope is the most cost-effective efficiency investment. Passive House standard buildings use 90% less energy for heating and cooling than typical code-built structures through exceptional insulation and airtightness. Return on investment: 8-12 years, with comfort and health benefits that last the building's lifetime.

Insulation Targets

Walls: R-40 to R-60

vs. code minimum R-13 to R-21

Materials: Dense-pack cellulose, mineral wool, rigid foam board

Roof: R-60 to R-80

vs. code minimum R-38 to R-49

Critical zone: 25-40% heat loss through inadequate roof insulation

Foundation: R-30 to R-40

vs. typical R-10 or uninsulated

Often-neglected zone with massive heat loss

Airtightness

Blower Door Test
  • • Passive House: ≤0.6 ACH50 (air changes/hour at 50 Pa)
  • • Typical new build: 5-7 ACH50
  • • Older homes: 10-20+ ACH50
  • • Air leakage = 25-40% heat loss
Windows & Doors
  • • Triple-pane, low-E windows: U-0.15 to U-0.20
  • • vs. standard double-pane: U-0.30 to U-0.50
  • • Proper installation: continuous air barrier
  • • Heat loss reduction: 50-70%
Ventilation with HRV/ERV
  • • Heat Recovery: 85-95% efficiency
  • • Continuous fresh air without heat loss
  • • Filters remove pollutants, allergens
  • • Superior indoor air quality

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS & EMBODIED CARBON

Material selection determines a building's embodied carbon—emissions from manufacturing, transport, and installation. With operational emissions declining due to efficiency improvements and grid decarbonization, embodied carbon now represents 20-50% of a building's lifetime emissions. Low-carbon materials can reduce embodied emissions by 40-70%.

Low-Carbon Structural Materials

Mass Timber (CLT, Glulam)
  • • Stores 1 ton CO₂ per m³ of wood
  • 75% lower embodied carbon than concrete/steel
  • • Buildings up to 18 stories proven
  • • Faster construction, lighter foundations
Low-Carbon Concrete
  • • Supplementary cementitious materials (fly ash, slag)
  • • Reduces cement content 30-70%
  • • Carbon-cured concrete sequesters CO₂
  • • Hempcrete: carbon-negative, insulating
Recycled Steel
  • 70% less embodied energy than virgin
  • • Electric arc furnace production
  • • Can be recycled infinitely

Natural & Bio-Based Materials

Cellulose Insulation
  • 85% recycled newspaper
  • 1/6th embodied energy of fiberglass
  • • Non-toxic, fire-resistant (boron treatment)
Cork Flooring
  • • Harvested from bark (tree lives 200+ years)
  • • Carbon-negative production
  • • Natural antimicrobial properties
Bamboo
  • • Grows to maturity in 3-5 years vs. 30+ for hardwood
  • • Stronger than oak in compression
  • • Flooring, cabinetry, structural elements
Recycled Content Products
  • • Reclaimed wood: character + carbon savings
  • • Recycled glass countertops & tiles
  • • Rubber flooring from tires

ECONOMICS & ROI

0-8%

Additional Upfront Cost

For high-performance green buildings vs. conventional

50-90%

Energy Cost Savings

Annual operational savings

7-18%

Property Value Premium

For certified green buildings

Total Cost of Ownership Analysis

Green buildings deliver financial returns far exceeding upfront premiums. Over a 20-year building lifecycle, a Passive House saves $150,000-$300,000 in energy costs (typical home) with only $15,000-$40,000 additional upfront investment—a 10:1 to 20:1 return.

Financial Benefits
  • Lower utility bills (40-90% reduction)
  • Reduced maintenance costs
  • Tax credits & rebates (ITC, state programs)
  • Higher resale value (+7-18%)
  • Faster lease-up rates (commercial)
Non-Financial Benefits
  • Superior comfort (even temperatures)
  • Better indoor air quality
  • Increased productivity (11% in offices)
  • Health benefits (fewer sick days)
  • Climate resilience & disaster preparedness

BUILD FOR THE FUTURE

Every building is an opportunity to fight climate change and improve lives.